- ### __Bias : __ - Framing - ### __Definition : __ - Definition 1: The framing effect is an example of cognitive bias, in which people react to a choice in different ways depending on how it is presented.Definition 2: Events framed as either losses or gains may be evaluated differently. - ### __OODA Class : __ - Observe Phase - ### __OODA Subclass : __ - Information Presentation - ### __Classification Reasoning : __ - Information is available to architects from various sources Requirements document from the requirements engineering phase, technology documents presented by sales personnel of the companies are some examples. All such information with different levels of framing bias is gathered during the observe phase. The framing of requirements influences presentation of information. - ### __Example : __ - Example1: Framing of requirements document: The starting point for architects is generally the requirements document. They gather information for their decisions based on the requirements at hand. The manner in which the requirements are framed influences their understanding which affects their observations. Example2: Advertisements about technical solutions: In many cases, advertisements from companies are framed in a way to influence the end user to use their products. This is the same with companies which sell technology solutions as well. ‘Loss Framing’, ‘Gain Framing’, and ‘Statistical Framing’ are generally associated with advertisements. - ### __Impact : __ - In the first situation, it is important for an architect to understand the requirements correctly to design the right solution. Otherwise, the resulting solution will not be able to match the requirements. In the second situation, it is often the case that companies are ‘duped’ into buying solutions under the impression that it will fit their requirements. - ### __Debiasing Techniques : __ - The person framing the information documents must keep the readers in mind and in what ways the information can be interpreted. Sufficient communications must be held with the architects to make the requirements clear. When buying external solutions or investing in third party technologies, one must try and create a set of parameters against which different solutions can be compared with. Getting reviews, having a trial period, conducting rigorous proof-of-concepts are some ways to avoid getting into the framing bias trap. - ### __Related Biases : __ - Mode (The mode and mixture of presentation can influence the perceived value of data), - [[Similarity Bias]]